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How Do Indus River Dolphins Attack How to Date Again

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River in Asia

Indus

Sindhu[ane]

Nanga Parbat Indus Gorge.jpg

The Indus Gorge is formed equally the Indus River bends around the Nanga Parbat massif, shown towering behind, defining the western anchor of the Himalayan mount range.
Course and major tributaries of the Indus.jpg

The course and major tributaries of the Indus river
Location
Country China, India, Pakistan
Sovereignty in the Kashmir region is disputed
States and Provinces Tibet Autonomous Region, Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh,
Cities Leh, Skardu, Dasu, Besham, Thakot, Swabi, Dera Ismail Khan, Sukkur, Hyderabad, Karachi
Physical characteristics
Source Lake Manasarovar[2]
 • location Tibetan Plateau
Source confluence
 • location Shiquanhe, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, Cathay
 • coordinates 32°29′54″N 79°41′28″E  /  32.49833°N 79.69111°E  / 32.49833; 79.69111
 • elevation 4,255 thou (xiii,960 ft)
Rima oris Arabian Bounding main (primary), Rann of Kutch (secondary)

 • location

 Indus River Delta (main), Kori Creek (secondary), Pakistan, India

 • coordinates

 23°59′40″Northward 67°25′51″E  /  23.99444°Due north 67.43083°Due east  / 23.99444; 67.43083

 • height

 0 thou (0 ft)
Length iii,180 km (1,980 mi) as Mapped. 3,249 km (2,019 mi) actual as mentioned in History Books.
Basin size 1,165,000 kmii (450,000 sq mi) 1,081,718 kmii (417,654 sq mi)[iii]
Discharge
 • location Indus Delta, Arabian Sea, Pakistan
 • boilerplate five,533 m3/due south (195,400 cu ft/s)[four]
 • minimum 1,200 m3/s (42,000 cu ft/s)
 • maximum 58,000 m3/due south (ii,000,000 cu ft/due south)
Belch
 • location Sukkur
 • average 5,673.486 thousand3/s (200,357.3 cu ft/south)[5]
Discharge
 • location Mithankot
 • average 5,812.326 m3/s (205,260.4 cu ft/s)[6]
Belch
 • location Tarbela Dam
 • average ii,469 k3/south (87,200 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
 • left Zanskar River, Suru River, Soan River, Panjnad River, Ghaggar-Hakra River, Luni River
 • right Shyok River, Hunza River, Gilgit River, Swat River, Kunar River, Kabul River, Kurram River, Gomal River, Zhob River

The Indus ( IN-dəs) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.[7] The three,180 km (1,980 mi) river rises in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kashmir,[eight] bends sharply to the left later the Nanga Parbat massif, and flows south-by-southwest through Pakistan, earlier elimination into the Arabian Sea almost the port city of Karachi.[1] [nine]

The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow is around 243 km3 (58 cu mi), making information technology one of the fifty largest rivers in the globe in terms of boilerplate annual catamenia.[10] Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River, and its left-banking concern tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River which itself has five major tributaries, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal rivers. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush ranges, the river supports the ecosystems of temperate forests, plains, and arid countryside.

The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region of S Asia, while the lower class of the river ends in a large delta in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of Indus Valley Civilisation, a major urban civilization of the Statuary Age. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the Rigveda hymns as Sapta Sindhu and in the Avesta religious texts as Due southaptha Hindu (both terms meaning "7 rivers"). Early historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra. The Indus River came into the noesis of the Western world early in the classical period, when Rex Darius of Persia sent his Greek discipline Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river, c. 515 BC.

Etymology and names [edit]

This river was known to the ancient Indians in Sanskrit every bit Sindhu and the Persians as Hindu which was regarded by both of them as "the border river".[xi] [12] [13] [14] [15] The variation between the two names is explained by the Erstwhile Iranian sound change *south > h, which occurred between 850 and 600 BCE according to Asko Parpola.[sixteen] [17] From the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the proper name passed to the Greeks as Indós (Ἰνδός).[xviii] It was adopted by the Romans as Indus.[ citation needed ] The name India is derived from Indus.[19] [20]

Description [edit]

The course of the Indus in the disputed Kashmir region; the river flows through Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan, administered respectively by India and Pakistan

The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan'southward economy – specially the tummy of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agronomical production, and Sindh. The give-and-take Punjab means "land of v rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable h2o in Islamic republic of pakistan.

The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that bleed the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan (Gang Rinpoche, Mt. Kailash) mountain ranges. The Indus and so flows northwest through Ladakh, Bharat, and Baltistan into Gilgit, simply southward of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south and descends into the Punjab plains at Kalabagh, Islamic republic of pakistan. The Indus passes gigantic gorges four,500–5,200 metres (15,000–17,000 ft) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. Information technology flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab[21] and Sindh, where the flow of the river becomes boring and highly braided. It is joined past the Panjnad at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at i time, was named the Satnad River (sat = "seven", nadī = "river"), as the river now carried the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, information technology ends in a large delta to the South of Thatta in the Sindh province of Pakistan

The Indus is i of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed past the snow and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons – information technology diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times – it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and bordering Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake.[22] [23] Presently, Indus water flows in to the Rann of Kutch during its floods breaching inundation banks.[24]

The traditional source of the river is the Sênggê Kanbab (a.k.a. Sênggê Zangbo, Senge Khabab) or "Lion's Mouth", a perennial jump, not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens. There are several other tributaries nearby, which may mayhap form a longer stream than Sênggê Kanbab, but unlike the Sênggê Kanbab, are all dependent on snowmelt. The Zanskar River, which flows into the Indus in Ladakh, has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that betoken.[25]

History [edit]

The major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization fl 2600–1900 BCE in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan

The major cities of the Indus Valley Culture, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, appointment back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human being habitations of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilisation extended from across northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India,[26] with an upward reach from east of Jhelum River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Islamic republic of pakistan, Iran edge to Kutch in modernistic Gujarat, India. There is an Indus site on the Amu Darya at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan, and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon River is located only 28 km (17 mi) from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 40 Indus Valley sites take been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries.[27] However, it is notable that majority of the Indus script seals and inscribed objects discovered were institute at sites along the Indus river.[a] [28] [29]

Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned.

The Rigveda describes several rivers, including 1 named "Sindhu". The Rigvedic "Sindhu" is thought to be the nowadays-day Indus river. It is attested 176 times in its text, 94 times in the plural, and about ofttimes used in the generic sense of "river". In the Rigveda, notably in the afterwards hymns, the significant of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in item, eastward.g. in the list of rivers mentioned in the hymn of Nadistuti sukta. The Rigvedic hymns employ a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein, except for the Brahmaputra.

The discussion "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "Republic of india" initially referred to those regions immediately along the eastward banking company of the Indus, merely past 300 BC, Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the unabridged subcontinent that extends much further eastward.[30] [31]

The lower bowl of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh and the countries Transitional islamic state of afghanistan and India. The starting time West Eurasian empire to addendum the Indus Valley was the Persian Empire, during the reign of Darius the Not bad. During his reign, the Greek explorer Scylax of Caryanda was commissioned to explore the course of the Indus. It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander, but after his Macedonians conquered the w bank—joining it to the Hellenic earth, they elected to retreat forth the southern course of the river, catastrophe Alexander'southward Asian campaign. Alexander's admiral Nearchus ready out from the Indus Delta to explore the Persian Gulf, until reaching the Tigris River. The Indus Valley was later dominated by the Mauryan and Kushan Empires, Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Scythians and Hepthalites. Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mohammed Ghori, Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade Sindh and Punjab, providing a gateway to the Indian subcontinent.

Geography [edit]

Tributaries [edit]

  • Gar River
  • Gilgit River
  • Gomal River
  • Hunza River
  • Kabul River
  • Kunar River
  • Kurram River
  • Panjnad River
    • Chenab River
      • Jhelum River
      • Ravi River
    • Satluj River
      • Beas River
  • Shyok River
  • Soan River
  • Suru River
  • Swat River
  • Zanskar River
  • Zhob River

Geology [edit]

Indus River near Leh, India

Confluence of Indus and Zanskar rivers. The Indus is at the left of the motion picture, flowing left-to-correct; the Zanskar, carrying more water, comes in from the top of the moving picture.

The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the 2d largest sediment body on the Earth.[32] It consists of around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modernistic river signal that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the single most important source of cloth, with the Himalayas providing the adjacent largest contribution, mostly via the big rivers of the Punjab (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Bounding main has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not continued to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed e into the Ganga and were captured after that time.[33] Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea past 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that fourth dimension.[34] The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been establish in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border.

In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river post-obit the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface.[35]

In November 2011, satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India, feeding Great Rann of Kutch, Little Rann of Kutch and a lake about Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar.[24] Heavy rains had left the river bowl along with the Lake Manchar, Lake Hemal and Kalri Lake (all in modern-day Pakistan) inundated. This happened 2 centuries after the Indus river shifted its class westwards following the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake.

The Induan Age at first of the Triassic Catamenia of geological time is named for the Indus region.

Wildlife [edit]

Fishermen on the Indus River, c. 1905

Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's entrada bespeak a healthy forest cover in the region. The Mughal Emperor Babur writes of encountering rhinoceroses forth its depository financial institution in his memoirs (the Baburnama). Extensive deforestation and human interference in the ecology of the Shivalik Hills has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing weather. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works. The Indus river and its watershed has a rich biodiversity. It is home to effectually 25 amphibian species.[36]

Mammals [edit]

The Indus river dolphin (Platanista indicus minor) is found only in the Indus River. Information technology is subspecies of the Southward Asian river dolphin. The Indus river dolphin formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. According to the Globe Wildlife Fund information technology is one of the most threatened cetaceans with merely about i,000 even so existing.[37]

There are ii otter species in the Indus River basin: the Eurasian otter in the northeastern highland sections and the smooth-coated otter elsewhere in the river basin. The smooth-coated otters in the Indus River represent a subspecies found nowhere else, the Sindh otter (Lutrogale perspicillata sindica).[38]

Fish [edit]

The Indus River basin has a loftier variety, being the habitation of more than 180 freshwater fish species,[39] including 22 which are constitute nowhere else.[36] Fish also played a major role in earlier cultures of the region, including the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation where depictions of fish were frequent. The Indus script has a commonly used fish sign, which in its various forms may simply accept meant "fish", or referred to stars or gods.[40]

In the uppermost, highest part of the Indus River basin there are relatively few genera and species: Diptychus, Ptychobarbus, Schizopyge, Schizopygopsis and Schizothorax snowtrout, Triplophysa loaches, and the catfish Glyptosternon reticulatum.[39] Going downstream these are presently joined by the golden mahseer Tor putitora (alternatively T. macrolepis, although information technology oftentimes is regarded as a synonym of T. putitora) and Schistura loaches. Downriver from effectually Thakot, Tarbela, the Kabul–Indus river confluence, Attock Khurd and Peshawar the diversity rises strongly, including many cyprinids (Amblypharyngodon, Aspidoparia, Barilius, Chela, Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus, Cyprinion, Danio, Devario, Esomus, Garra, Labeo, Naziritor, Osteobrama, Pethia, Puntius, Rasbora, Salmophasia, Securicula and Systomus), true loaches (Botia and Lepidocephalus), stone loaches (Acanthocobitis and Nemacheilus), ailiid catfish (Clupisoma), bagridae catfish (Batasio, Mystus, Rita and Sperata), airsac catfish (Heteropneustes), schilbid catfish (Eutropiichthys), silurid catfish (Ompok and Wallago), sisorid catfish (Bagarius, Gagata, Glyptothorax and Sisor), gouramis (Trichogaster), nandid leaffish (Nandus), snakeheads (Channa), spiny eel (Macrognathus and Mastacembelus), knifefish (Notopterus), glassfish (Chanda and Parambassis), clupeids (Gudusia), needlefish (Xenentodon) and gobies (Glossogobius), as well as a few introduced species.[39] As the altitude further declines the Indus basin becomes overall quite boring-flowing equally it passes through the Punjab Patently. Major carp become common, and chameleonfish (Badis), mullet (Sicamugil) and swamp eel (Monopterus) appear.[39] In some upland lakes and tributaries of the Punjab region snowtrout and mahseer are still common, but once the Indus basin reaches its lower obviously the former grouping is entirely absent-minded and the latter are rare.[39] Many of the species of the middle sections of the Indus basin are also present in the lower. Notable examples of genera that are nowadays in the lower plain but generally not elsewhere in the Indus River basin are the Aphanius pupfish, Aplocheilus killifish, palla fish (Tenualosa ilisha), catla (Labeo catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Cirrhinus mrigala.[39] The lowermost function of the river and its delta are home to freshwater fish, but also a number of brackish and marine species.[39] This includes pomfret and prawns. The large delta has been recognized by conservationists as an important ecological region. Hither, the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels.

Palla fish (Tenualosa ilisha) of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fish in the river is moderately high, with Sukkur, Thatta, and Kotri beingness the major angling centres – all in the lower Sindh course. As a result, damming and irrigation has fabricated fish farming an important economic action.

Economic system [edit]

Skyline of Sukkur along the shores of the Indus River

The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the courage of agronomics and nutrient production in Pakistan. The river is peculiarly critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first congenital by the people of the Indus Valley Culture, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Modern irrigation was introduced past the British East Republic of india Visitor in 1850 – the construction of modernistic canals accompanied with the restoration of onetime canals. The British supervised the construction of i of the most circuitous irrigation networks in the earth. The Guddu Barrage is 1,350 m (four,430 ft) long – irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Sukkur Avalanche serves over xx,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi).

After Pakistan came into beingness, a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its ii tributaries the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independently of upstream control past Republic of india.[41]

The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams.[42] The Pakistan Water and Power Development Potency undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link culvert – linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers – extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan. Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi – standing ii,743 metres (nine,000 ft) long and 143 metres (470 ft) high, with an 80-kilometre (l mi) long reservoir. It supports the Chashma Barrage near Dera Ismail Khan for irrigation use and flood command and the Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan which also produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres (3,000 ft) long and provides additional water supplies for Karachi. The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resource to the valley of Peshawar, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The all-encompassing irrigation and dam projects provide the footing for Pakistan'southward large production of crops such as cotton, sugarcane and wheat. The dams besides generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centers.

People [edit]

Indus river is sacred to Hindus.[43] [44] Sindhu Darshan Festival is held on every Guru Purnima on the banks of Indus.[45]

The ethnicities of the Indus Valley (Islamic republic of pakistan and Northwest India) take a greater amount of ANI (or West Eurasian) admixture than other South Asians, including inputs from Western Steppe Herders, with evidence of more sustained and multi-layered migrations from the due west.[46]

Modern issues [edit]

Indus delta [edit]

Originally, the delta used to receive well-nigh all of the water from the Indus river, which has an annual flow of approximately 180 billion cubic metres (240×x ^ 9 cu yd), and is accompanied by 400 million tonnes (390×10 ^ 6 long tons) of silt.[47] Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works take been constructed on the river. The Indus Basin Irrigation System is the "largest contiguous irrigation organization developed over the by 140 years" anywhere in the world.[48] This has reduced the flow of water and past 2018, the boilerplate annual menstruation of water beneath the Kotri avalanche was 33 billion cubic metres (43×10 ^ 9 cu yd),[49] and annual amount of silt discharged was estimated at 100 million tonnes (98×10 ^ 6 long tons).[ commendation needed ] As a result, the 2010 Pakistan floods were considered "good news" for the ecosystem and population of the river delta as they brought much needed fresh water.[l] [51] Any further utilization of the river basin water is not economically feasible.[52] [53]

Vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta are threatened by the reduced arrival of fresh h2o, forth with extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming. Damming has also isolated the delta population of Indus river dolphins from those further upstream.[54]

Large-scale diversion of the river'southward water for irrigation has raised far-reaching bug. Sediment clogging from poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation on numerous occasions. Irrigation itself is increasing soil salinization, reducing crop yields and in some cases rendering farmland useless for cultivation.[55]

Effects of climate change on the river [edit]

The Tibetan Plateau contains the world'due south third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the Prc Meteorological Administration, said the recent fast footstep of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term, merely issued a strong warning:

"Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the earth... In the brusk term, this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows.. In the long run, the glaciers are vital lifelines of the Indus River. Once they vanish, h2o supplies in Pakistan will be in peril."[56]

"There is bereft information to say what volition happen to the Indus," says David Grey, the World Banking concern'due south senior water advisor in South asia. "Merely nosotros all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be severely, severely affected by glacier cook as a consequence of climatic change," and reduced past perhaps as much every bit fifty pct. "Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert [where], without the river, there would be no life? I don't know the answer to that question," he says. "Just we demand to be concerned about that. Deeply, deeply concerned."

U.Southward. diplomat Richard Holbrooke said, shortly before his decease in 2010, that he believed that falling water levels in the Indus River "could very well precipitate World State of war Iii."[57]

Pollution [edit]

Over the years factories on the banks of the Indus River have increased levels of water pollution in the river and the temper around it. Loftier levels of pollutants in the river have led to the deaths of endangered Indus river dolphin. The Sindh Ecology Protection Agency has ordered polluting factories around the river to shut down under the Islamic republic of pakistan Environmental Protection Human activity, 1997.[58] Expiry of the Indus river dolphin has also been attributed to fishermen using poison to impale fish and scooping them up.[59] [threescore] As a upshot, the authorities banned line-fishing from Guddu Barrage to Sukkur.[61]

The Indus is 2d among a group of x rivers responsible for nearly ninety% of all the plastic that reaches the oceans. The Yangtze is the only river contributing more plastic.[62] [63]

2010 floods [edit]

Affected areas as of 26 August 2010

Frequently, Indus river is prone to moderate to astringent flooding.[64] In July 2010, post-obit abnormally heavy monsoon rains, the Indus River rose higher up its banks and started flooding. The rain continued for the next ii months, devastating big areas of Pakistan. In Sindh, the Indus burst its banks near Sukkur on viii Baronial, submerging the hamlet of Mor Khan Jatoi.[65] In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least one,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh.[66] Every bit of September 2010[update], over ii thousand people had died and over a million homes had been destroyed since the flooding began.[67] [68]

2011 floods [edit]

The 2011 Sindh floods began during the Pakistani monsoon season in mid-August 2011, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh, eastern Balochistan, and southern Punjab.[69] The floods acquired considerable damage; an estimated 434 civilians were killed, with 5.3 1000000 people and ane,524,773 homes affected.[70] Sindh is a fertile region and often chosen the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy was said to be extensive. At least 1.7 meg acres (690,000 ha; 2,700 sq mi) of arable land were inundated. The flooding followed the previous twelvemonth's floods, which devastated a large office of the land.[70] Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains acquired severe flooding in xvi districts of Sindh.[71]

Barrages, bridges, levees and dams [edit]

In Pakistan currently at that place are six barrages on the Indus: Guddu Barrage, Sukkur Barrage, Kotri Barrage (also called Ghulam Muhammad barrage), Taunsa Barrage, Chashma Barrage and Jinnah Avalanche. Another new barrage chosen "Sindh Barrage" is planned as a final avalanche on the Indus River.[72] [73] There are some bridges on river Indus, such as, Dadu Moro Span, Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge, Thatta-Sujawal span, Jhirk-Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot-Ghotki bridge.[74]

The entire left bank of Indus river in Sind province is protected from river flooding past constructing around 600 km long levees. The right bank side is as well leveed from Guddu avalanche to Lake Manchar.[75] In response to the levees structure, the river has been aggrading quickly over the final xx years leading to breaches upstream of barrages and flood of large areas.[76]

Tarbela Dam in Islamic republic of pakistan is constructed on the Indus River, while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river. Pakistan is too building Munda Dam.

Gallery [edit]

  • Video of River Indus at Kotri Barrage, Sindh, Pakistan.

  • Lansdowne Span and Ayub Bridge connecting the cities of Rohri and Sukkur in Sindh, Islamic republic of pakistan.

  • Frozen Indus, Near Nyoma

  • Indus at Skardu

  • Indus almost Dera Ismail Khan

See also [edit]

  • List of rivers of Pakistan
  • Baglihar Dam
  • Ghaggar-Hakra River
  • Geology of the Himalaya
  • HMS Indus
  • Indus River Delta
  • Indus Valley Civilisation
  • Indus Waters Treaty
  • Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
  • Sarasvati River
  • Sindh Sagar Doab
  • Sindhology
  • Sindhu Darshan Festival
  • Sindhu Pushkaram
  • Rigvedic rivers

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Number of Indus script inscribed objects and seals obtained from various Harappan sites: 1540 from Mohanjodaro, 985 from Harappa, 66 from Chanhudaro, 165 from Lothal, 99 from Kalibangan, 7 from Banawali, vi from Ur in Iraq, 5 from Surkotada, four from Chandigarh

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Ahmad, Nafis; Lodrick, Deryck (half dozen Feb 2019). "Indus River". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved five February 2021.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Albinia, Alice. (2008) Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River. First American Edition (20101) W. Westward. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN 978-0-393-33860-7.
  • Alexander Burnes, A voyage on the Indus, London, 1973
  • Philippe Fabry, Wandering with the Indus, Yusuf Shahid (text) Lahore, 1995
  • Jean Fairley, The Lion River: The Indus, London, 1975
  • 1000.P. Malalasekera (ane September 2003). Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Volume 1. Asian Educational Services. ISBN978-81-2061-823-7. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • D. Spud, Where the Indus is Immature, London, 1977
  • Samina Quraeshi, Legacy of the Indus, New York, 1974
  • Schomberg, Betwixt Oxus and Indus, London, 1935
  • Francine Tissot, Les Arts anciens du Islamic republic of pakistan et de fifty'Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, Paris, 1987
  • Sir M. Wheeler, Civilisations of the Indus Valley and Across, London, 1966
  • World Atlas, Millennium Edition, p. 265.

External links [edit]

  • The origins of Indus:
    • 1159539 (ten a j h) Gar basin on OpenStreetMap
    • 1159538 (x a j h) Sengge basin on OpenStreetMap
  • Northern Areas Development Gateway
  • The Mountain Areas Conservancy Project - covered parts of the Indus River
  • Indus River watershed map (World Resources Institute) Archived 13 Apr 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  • Indus Wild fauna at the Wayback Car (archived 7 October 2006)
  • Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting'due south project on water issues in Southern asia

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River

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